Table 1 Means, standard deviations, and the Pearson correlations among all variables
Variable | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
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1. T1 vocabulary knowledge | 8.62 | 5.14 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2. T2 vocabulary knowledge | 10.69 | 5.74 | 0.71** | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
3. T3 vocabulary knowledge | 13.51 | 6.36 | 0.64** | 0.67** | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
4. T4 vocabulary knowledge | 14.81 | 6.39 | 0.55** | 0.50** | 0.62** | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |
5. T5 vocabulary knowledge | 19.86 | 6.62 | 0.58** | 0.59** | 0.66** | 0.68** | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
6. T6 vocabulary knowledge | 23.57 | 7.55 | 0.50** | 0.54* | 0.62** | 0.58** | 0.70** | 1 | | | | | | | | | |
7. T7 vocabulary knowledge | 29.31 | 7.36 | 0.45** | 0.49** | 0.57** | 0.49** | 0.65** | 0.67** | 1 | | | | | | | | |
8. T8 vocabulary knowledge | 32.58 | 7.10 | 0.53** | 0.51** | 0.62** | 0.52** | 0.55** | 0.71** | 0.72** | 1 | | | | | | | |
9. T8 reading accuracy | 128.20 | 8.77 | 0.44** | 0.47** | 0.43** | 0.41** | 0.47** | 0.60** | 0.52** | 0.60** | 1 | | | | | | |
10. T8 reading fluency | 1224.04 | 356.89 | 0.35** | 0.38** | 0.40** | 0.38** | 0.41** | 0.46** | 0.42** | 0.46** | 0.46** | 1 | | | | | |
11. T8 reading comprehension | 30.71 | 6.76 | 0.42** | 0.44** | 0.47** | 0.41** | 0.49** | 0.61** | 0.54** | 0.62** | 0.60** | 0.50** | 1 | | | | |
12. T1 non-verbal IQ | 28.06 | 9.31 | 0.40** | 0.37** | 0.35** | 0.31** | 0.37** | 0.29** | 0.27** | 0.34** | 0.32** | 0.36** | 0.34** | 1 | | | |
13. T1 phonological awareness | 6.05 | 3.83 | 0.29** | 0.25** | 0.20* | 0.32** | 0.28** | 0.22* | 0.18 | 0.19* | 0.35** | 0.24** | 0.27** | 0.18* | 1 | | |
14. T1 rapid automatized naming | 15.71 | 5.17 | ?0.10 | ?0.22** | ?0.18* | ?0.22* | ?0.20* | ?0.27** | ?0.25** | ?0.18* | ?0.36** | ?0.24** | ?0.15 | ?0.03 | ?0.18* | 1 | |
15. T1 morphological awareness | 9.57 | 8.97 | 0.42** | 0.40** | 0.47** | 0.33** | 0.39** | 0.37** | 0.33** | 0.37** | 0.32** | 0.33** | 0.33** | 0.28** | 0.14 | ?0.15 | 1 |
16. T1 orthographic awareness | 25.80 | 8.74 | 0.25** | 0.20* | 0.17 | 0.18* | 0.22* | 0.23* | 0.20* | 0.19* | 0.20* | 0.27** | 0.21* | 0.29** | 0.11 | ?0.06 | 0.12 |